PSALM 119 Desire God's Will

When we desire to know God's will, are we facing decisions
for which we want directions from God ?
Or do we strongly want to know what God wants because
 we believe that what  He wants will be the best for everybody ?
The psalmist reveals his strong motivation to be in harmony
with God's purposes and live in God's preferred way.

The psalmist had enough fear of God
to adjust his lifestyle accordingly.
He chose not to walk in the counsel of the wicked
nor to live the way of sinners.

Psalm 119: 97-105 NIV
97     Oh, how I love your law !
         I meditate on it all day long.
98     Your commands make me wiser than my enemies,
         for they are ever with me.
99     I have more insight than all my teachers,
         for I meditate on your statutes.
100   I have more understanding than the elders,
         for I obey your precepts.
101   I have kept my feet from every evil path
         so that I might obey your word.
102   I have not departed from your laws
         for you yourself have taught me.
103   How sweet are your words to my taste
         sweeter than  honey in the mouth !
104   I gain understanding from your precepts;
         therefore I hate every wrong path.
105   Your word is a lamp to my feet
         and a light for my path.

Charles Spurgeon, in his exposition of psalm 119:97-104,
wrote;- "Familiarity with the word of God breeds affection
and affection seeks greater familiarity."
Spurgeon wrote ; "our teachers are not always to be trusted.....
when even our pilots err, it behooves us to follow closely the
 chart of the word of God, that we may be able to save the vessel.

     True hearts are not indifferent to anything that contradicts
the will of God. Today every Christian needs discernment to
 distinguish the wholesome will of God from falsehood and error.

Jesus Christ is supreme wisdom, boundless goodness and infinite love.
He can neither be deceived nor will He deceive us.

Colossians 3:24  NIV
It is the Lord Jesus you are serving.

Colossians 4:2   NIV
Devote yourselves to prayer being watchful and thankful.
Proclaim the mystery of Christ.
6  Let your conversation be always full of grace......

In humility we should stand in the will of God
consecrated to the Lord our God.

PSALM 119 Deliverance from human oppression

Psalm 119:134   NRSV
                                       Redeem me from human oppression.

Psalm 120:2      NRSV
                                       "Deliver me, O LORD,
                                       from lying lips,
                                       from a deceitful tongue."

Psalm 142:6     NRSV
                                       Give heed to my cry,
                                            for I am brought low.
                                       Save me from my persecutors,
                                            for they are too strong for me.

Psalm 3:7-8     NRSV
                                     Rise up, O LORD !
                                           Deliver me, O my God !
                                     For you strike all my enemies on the cheek;
                                           You break the teeth of the wicked.
                                     Deliverance belongs to the LORD;
                                           may your blessing be on your people !

Psalm 59:1-2  NRSV
                                   1  Deliver me from my enemies, O my God;
                                       protect me from those who rise up against me.
                                   2  Deliver me from those who work evil;
                                       from the bloodthirsty save me.

Psalm 17:13   NRSV
                                       By your sword deliver my life from the wicked.

Psalm 119:133-135  NRSV

                             . . . . .never let iniquity have dominion over me.
134                                Redeem me from human oppression,
                                      that I may keep your precepts.
135                                Make your face shine upon your servant,
                                      and teach me your statutes.

                    In order to be totally in harmony with the will of God,
                    with His way, with His order,
                    totally in harmony with His plans for society,
                    and for the future of the world,
                    the psalmist asks;- to be delivered from human oppression,
                                                  and to be taught God's statutes. . . . . . . .

The above verses are the word of God and are appropriate to be prayed by and for
the people of the Lord who are suffering oppression, persecution, violence and
other works of evil. Several verses in Psalm 17 may be spoken into such situations.

Psalm 17: 7,8,9,13,  NRSV
7     Wondrously show your steadfast love,
       O Saviour of those who seek your refuge
       from their adversaries, at your right hand.
8     Guard me as the apple of the eye;
        hide me in the shadow of your wings,
9      from the wicked who despoil me,
        and from my deadly enemies who surround me.
13    Rise up, O LORD confront them, overthrow them!
        By your sword deliver my life from the wicked.

PSALM 119 Give me life

Psalm 119:25  NIV
I am laid low in the dust 
         preserve my life according to your word.

give me life STRONGS  2421            your testimonies  STRONGS  5713
keep alive,                                         God has spoken !
suffer to live, 
preserve alive

Psalm 119:37  ESV
Turn my eyes from looking at worthless things
         and give me life in your ways.
give me life STRONGS 2421            in your way   STRONGS 1870

Psalm 119:40  ESV
Behold, I long for your precepts;
          in your righteousness give me life
your precepts STRONGS 6480       give me life   STRONGS 2421
what God has appointed to be done.

Psalm 119:88  NIV
Preserve my life according to your love,
          and I will obey the statutes of your mouth.
give me life STRONGS  2421         the testimony of your mouth STRONGS  6310   5715

Psalm 86:2  NIV
Guard my life for I am devoted to you.

Psalm 119:107  NLT
I have suffered much, O LORD,
          restore my life again , just as you promised.
give me life STRONGS 2421       O JEHOVA,  STRONGS 3068      by your word STRONGS 1697

Psalm 119:149  NLT
In your faithful love, O LORD, hear my cry;
in your justice, save my life.
by your judgement STRONGS 4941      give me life  STRONGS 2421
According to your law   ENGLISH
According to your torah   HEBREW
According to your instruction  TRANSLATION

Psalm 119:154 NIV
Defend my cause and redeem me,
preserve my life according to your promise.
give me life STRONGS 2421     by your word STRONGS 565

Psalm 119:156 NLT
Lord, how great is your mercy;
in your justice, give me back my life.
give me life STRONGS 2421     and redeem me STRONGS 1350

Psalm 143:11 TLV
For the glory of your name, O LORD, preserve my life.
Because of your faithfulness bring me out of this distress.

PSALM 119 The psalmist's "hours"

Psalm 119:55 NKJV     I remember Your name in the night O, LORD. 

                  62               At midnight I will rise

                                     to give thanks to You.

                  97               Oh how I love Your law!

                                     It is my meditation all the day.

                  147             I rise before the dawning of the morning

                                     And cry for help.

                  148             My eyes are awake through the night watch

                                     That I may meditate on Your word.

Psalm 134:1-2 NKJV

                                     Behold, bless the LORD

                                     All you servants of the LORD

                                     Who by night stand in the house of the LORD

                                     Lift up your hands in the sanctuary

                                     And bless the LORD.

                  

PSALM 119 Meditation

PSALM 119 NKJV    
Verses relating to meditation and the will of God.

15     I will meditate on Your precepts
         And contemplate Your ways.
23     Your servant meditates on Your statutes.
24     Your testimonies also are my delight
         and my counselors.
27     Make me understand the way of Your precepts
         So shall I meditate on Your wonderful works.
38     Establish Your word to Your servant.
48     My hands also I will lift up
         to your commandments which I love
         And I will meditate on Your statutes.
78     I will meditate on Your precepts.
97     Oh, how I love Your law!
         It is my meditation all the day.
99     For Your testimonies are my meditation.
103   How sweet are Your words to my taste.
105   Your word is a lamp to my feet
         And a light to my path.
148   My eyes are awake through the night watches
         That I may meditate on Your word.
162   I rejoice in Your word
         As one who finds great treasure.

PSALM 119:160 Discerning TRUTH

Psalm 119:160 KJV
Thy word is true from the beginning:
and every one of thy righteous judgments endureth for ever.

ESV    The sum of your word is truth
            and every one of your righteous rules endures forever.

The word  of the Lord is a source of life that never languishes,
 because it is fed by infinite truth that continues for ever,
 therefor, it can never be exhausted
no matter how many drink from the life giving fountain.
                                                                                          NCV footnotes.
There are people who are quite dead to the truth of God.
You can tell who they are.
they do not rise up to praise God.
There are homes where the loving kindness of God
is not declared,
where the faithfulness of God is not proclaimed,
because the truth of His loving kindness and faithfulness
is not known or appreciated or accepted !
Are God's wonders known in such darkness?

There are people who are quite alive to the truth of God.
You can tell who they are..
Their lives are full and overflowing with the joy of the Lord.
Their homes are places of love and healing.
There are believers who are strong witnesses
for all the wonderful things which God has done in their lives.
Their hearts are a place where the saving justice of Jesus
is known and shared.
Rise up and praise God.

Psalm 140:13 NLT
Surely the godly are praising thy name
for they will live in your presence.

Psalm 119 NLT
11     I have hidden your word in my heart
         that I might not sin against you.

16     I will delight in your principles
         and not forget your word
17     Be good to your servant 
         that I may live and obey your word.
18     Open my eyes to see
         the wonderful truths in your law.

79     Let me be reconciled
         with all who fear you and know your decrees.

105   Your word is a lamp for my feet
         and a light for my path.

114   You are my refuge and my shield:
         your word is my only source of hope.

PSALM 118:22 According to Peter and Paul.

Psalm 118:22 GNB
The stone which the builders rejected as worthless
turned out to be the most important of all.

Luke 20:17 GNB
Jesus looked at them and asked,
"What, then, does this scripture mean?
     "the stone which the builders rejected as worthless
       turned out to be the most important of all !"

Acts 4:11 GNB
Jesus is the one of whom the scriptures says
"The stone that you the builders despised
   turned out to be the most important of all.

Ephesians 2:20 NLT
Together we are his house, built on the foundations of the apostles
and the prophets. And the cornerstone is Christ Jesus himself.
We are carefully joined together in him
becoming a holy temple for the Lord.

The reference in Ephesians 2:20 is to psalm 118:22
which in the King James Version reads;-
The stone which the builders refused 
is become the head stone of the corner.

1 Peter 2:4-7 GNB
4 Come to the Lord, the living stone rejected by people
   as worthless but chosen by God as valuable.
5 Come as living stones, and let yourself be used in building
   the spiritual temple, where you will serve as holy priests 
   to offer spiritual and acceptable sacrifices to God
   through Jesus Christ
6 For scripture says ;- 
"I chose a valuable stone which I am placing in Zion
  and whoever believes in  him will not be disappointed"
7 This stone which the builders rejected as worthless
   turned out to be the most important of all."

                TRINITY
The believers, the church, as members of the royal priesthood
offers its worship, prayer and service   in the Holy Spirit , to the Father
through  our Lord Jesus Christ the High Priest.
Jude offers words to define the church in the context of the Trinity.

JUDE 1-2  GNB
To those who have been called by God,
who live in the love of God the Father
and the protection of Jesus Christ.
May mercy , peace , and love be yours
in full measure.

PSALM 118:6 According to Paul

Hebrews   13:6   NIV
God has said,
"Never will I leave you; never will I forsake you."
So we say with confidence
"The LORD is my helper; I will not be afraid
What can man do to me?

PSALM 118:6 NIV
5 In my anguish I cried to the LORD
        and he answered  by setting me free.
6 The LORD is with me; I will not be afraid
        What can man do to me ?

PSALM 117 (118) Septuagint.
   The Lord is my helper;
   and I will not fear what men shall do to me.

Psalm 118: 8-9 NIV
8   It is better to take refuge in the LORD
        than to trust in man.
9   It is better to take refuge in the LORD
        than to trust in princes.

With Paul we say;-"The LORD is my helper".

PSALM 116:10 According to Paul

Amos 3:8 KJV
The lion hath roared who will not fear ?
The Lord God hath spoken, who can but prophesy ?

Psalm 116:10 KJV
I believed, therefor I have spoken:

Psalm 115  (116)  The Septuagint Brenton's translation.
I believed, wherefore I have spoken:

2nd Corinthians 4;13 Good News Bible
13 The scripture says, "I have spoken because I believed."
In the same spirit of faith, we also speak because we believe.

2nd Corinthians 4:13 Jerusalem
13 But as we have the same spirit of faith
     that is mentioned in scripture--
14" I believed, and therefor I spoke"--
       we too believe and therefore we too speak ,
      knowing that he who raised the Lord Jesus to life
      will raise us up with Jesus in our turn,
      and put us by his side and you with us.

Paul's take on Psalm 116:10 is revealed in the New Testament
and is therefore the inspired word of God.
This passage is therefore worth our close and careful attention.

PSALM 116 Sons of the Resurrection.

Psalm 116:17 KJV
I will offer to thee the sacrifice of thanksgiving
And will call upon the name of the Lord.

It is about prayer. The human experience of gratitude
is close to prayer. the experience of heartfelt gratitude
takes us even farther but heartfelt thanksgiving is
another step again !
Calling upon the name of the Lord,
with heartfelt thanksgiving..... is grace in prayer.

 Psalm 116; 14, 18-19 RSV.
14   I will pay my vows to the LORD
       in the presence of all the people.
18   I will pay my vows to the LORD
       in the presence of all his people
19   in the courts of the house of the LORD
       in your midst, O Jerusalem. Praise the LORD.

Luke 20:37-38  NKJV
37   But even Moses showed in the burning bush passage
       that the dead are raised, when he called the LORD
       "the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob"
38   For he is not the God of the dead but of the living,
       for all live to him.

So when we offer the sacrifice of  thanksgiving in the presence
of ALL his people, in the courts of the house of the LORD
to whom all men are alive and present,
"we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses"
                                                                     Hebrews 12:1 NKJV 

Psalm 116: 9   I will walk before the LORD
                         In the land of the living.

We realize that in walking before the LORD
we are compassed about with the household of God.

Now you are no longer strangers or guests,
but fellow citizens of the holy people:
you are of the household of God.
                                                      EPHESIANS 2:19
                                                      CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY BIBLE
                                                      THIRTY-SEVENTH EDITION

Every time we sing this Psalm,
we sing twice "I will pay my vows to the LORD
in the presence of all his people."
It is true:-
" A psalm a day helps you work rest and pray."
Psalm 116 reminds us that we work, rest and pray
as members of the household of God.

indeed our fellowship is with the Father
and with his Son Jesus Christ.                1 John 1:3  ESV

PSALM 115 Remember God's Presence.

Psalm 115:4  RSV
Their idols are silver and gold, the works of men's hands.

People still put their trust money and financial speculation.
They make desirable property and fashionable possessions
the focus of their efforts, and they make social status the
desire of their hearts.  These idols have been around for many
generations and continue to appeal to self centered, self indulgent
folk
.
Psalm 115:9-11 AMPLIFIED BIBLE
9 O Israel, trust and take refuge in the LORD !
   ( Lean on, rely on, and be confident in Him !)
   He is their Help and their Shield.
10 O house of Aaron ( the priesthood )
         trust in and lean on the LORD
   He is their Help  and their Shield.
11 You who ( reverently ) fear the LORD,
   trust in, and lean on the LORD !
   He is their Help and their Shield.

Those who fear the LORD enough to put their trust
in His will and purpose, can truly say
"His steadfast love endures forever"   (Psalm 118:4)
Because those who have put their trust in Him--in everyday life--
have found that "He is their Help and Shield" Psalm 115:11
and that He blesses them and their households.

We need to be among those who can say
"I shall pass my life in the presence of Yahweh,
in the land of the living."  Psalm 116:9  NJB

Mine to walk at ease, enjoying the Lord's presence
in the land of the living.    Psalm 114:8  Knox translation.

Remember God's presence.

Psalm 145:5-6  NIV
Blessed is he whose help is the God of Jacob
whose hope is in the Lord his God.
The  Maker of heaven and earth
the sea and everything in them--
the LORD who remains faithful forever.

No empty theory here. The person who's Hope and Help is,
 in practice, and on an ongoing basis,
  the Lord our God,
is remarkably blessed.

Psalm 115 ESV
May you be blessed by the LORD,
    who made heaven and earth!

                       AMEN.

PSALM 114 Who God Is.

Psalm 114 NLT
1     When the Israelites escaped from Egypt--
       when the family of Jacob left that foreign land--
2     The land of Judah became God's sanctuary
       and Israel became His kingdom.

Psalm 114 is about very dramatic events.
A whole nation finds freedom from enslavement and
oppression,--- from humiliation to renewed life.
They experience the sort of transformation of circumstances
which is beyond our own strength---which , in fact,
can only be brought about by the One who can transform
impossible situations.
It is the testimony of many Christians that the LORD our God
has delivered us personally , transformed our circumstances
and renewed our lives.

To praise God and praise His Holy Name, with all our heart,
we need in our own heart, a really motivating appreciation
of who God is and what He has done for us.
The Children of Israel had just shared such an experience.
To truly engage in heartfelt praise and worship,
we need , in our own heart; the love of God,
the fear of God, and a need, always,
to know His presence.

Psalm 114: 7-8 NLT
7     Tremble, O earth, at the presence of the LORD
       at the presence of the God of Israel.
8     He turned the rock into pools of water
       yes springs of water from solid rock.

John 3:16 KJV
3     For God so loved the world,
       that he gave his only begotten Son,
       that whosoever believeth in him ,
       should not perish, but have everlasting life.

He has made our hearts His sanctuary.
And the body of Christ His Kingdom.

PSALM 113 Know the only true God.

John 17:3 ESV 
And this is eternal life, that they know you the only true God,
and Jesus Christ whom you have sent.

Psalm 113:1-3  ESV
1     Praise the LORD!
       Praise , O servants of the LORD,
       praise the name of the LORD!

2     Blessed be the name of the LORD
       from this time forth and for ever more!

3     From the rising of the sun to its setting,
       the name of the LORD is to be praised.

From psalm 112, we know that those who
delight in doing the will of God ,
also Praise the LORD.

From Psalm 113 we realize that those who
praise the name of the LORD, and bless the name of the LORD,
are those who have personal experience of the praiseworthy attributes,
praiseworthy nature, and praiseworthy deeds of the LORD our God.
We can and do testify to God's character, God's reputation, and God's name.
We praise the name of the LORD
at all times of day, now and always.  

PSALM 112 The blessings of the righteous.

In 2nd Corinthians ch1 v12 , the apostle Paul quotes from
The Septuagint Psalm 111    ( 112 in Hebrew )  verse 3
"Glory and riches shall be in your house"
Paul says "Our glory ( Our boast - in modern translations )
is in this; the witness of our conscience.

By  delighting in the precepts of the Lord,
the righteous become more Godly.
So for us, obedience to the Lord is not an imposed burden
but a power which transforms our hearts.

Obedience to the will of God is to let oneself be filled
with the tenderness, forgiveness, generosity, justice,
kindness, love and mercy of the living God.

Psalm 112:1 NCV  
Blessed is the man who fears the LORD,
who greatly delights in his precepts

PSALM 111 Life Lived as God's People

In Christ we live and move and have our being.
The Spirit is poured out in our hearts as love.

Romans 5:5 New Living Translation
.....for we know how dearly God loves us,
because He has given us the Holy Spirit
to fill our hearts with love.

Life lived as God's people is expressed in Psalm 111.
This summary stands as a benchmark
from the days of King David
and is valid for God's people today.
It is a good and necessary thing to fear the Lord.
It is desirable  to have a good understanding.
It is good and necessary to personally
put into practice , the will of God.
It is good and necessary to reverence God
and be zealous in keeping all His laws.
It is good to delight in His commandments,
                to delight in Him and ponder on His deeds.
It is good to be joyful in fearing the LORD and
wholeheartedly participate in His will and purpose.

Psalm 111:10 New Living Translation.
Fear of the LORD is the foundation of true wisdom.
All who obey His commandments will grow in wisdom. Praise Him forever !
                

PSALM 111 Ponder the deeds of the LORD

Psalm 111:2 NLT 
How amazing are the deeds of the LORD !
All who delight in Him should ponder them.

Psalm 111:6 points to more deeds of the Lord.
Psalm 111:6 NASB
He has shown his people the power of his works,
giving them the lands of other nations.

Grateful memory of God,s past actions ads to our confidence
in God,s deeds and works in the present and in the future.
We have a oneness in the communion of saints
with people whose life and work transcends the limits of time
to reach us through their written words.
We can be grateful for God,s deeds in their lives.

A sad heritage is left by those who lightly esteemed God
and failed to serve Him and who did not value the will of God.
As the body of Christ we celebrate and remember the works of God
in His people of faith in Old Testament times and in New Testament times.
We gratefully remember His works and deeds in His people of faith
since New Testament times.

We should ponder the deeds of the Lord, done through the lives of
the brave missionaries and hymn writers of each century.
Thank God for all who came to faith and wholeheartedly shared
the source of their hope with friends and family and community.

PSALM 111 Ponder the Will of God

Psalm 111:10 NKJV
The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom;
A good understanding have all those who do His commandments.
His praise endures forever.

John Calvin instructs his readers to "Reverence God"
and be zealous in keeping His laws.
John points out that, in practice, those who do not fear God
fail to regulate their lives according to His law.
Those who do not render explicit obedience unto God
clearly have no regard for the will of God or His purposes.
In John Calvin's words; "Many lightly esteem God
and fail to serve Him and submit to the regulation of His word."

Psalm 112:1 NLT
How joyful are those who fear the LORD
and delight in His commands.

Those who take delight in putting God's commands
into practice personally have it right.
Participation in the will of God is a wholehearted activity
rather than an academic or legalistic process.

PSALM 110 Our TRIUNE GOD

Psalm 110   (Vulgate 109)
The Lord (The Father)  said to my Lord (Christ),
"Sit at My right hand"

Jesus is begotten from the Father before all time
( before the morning star ) 
and is the "ETERNAL SON " of the "FATHER"

In this Psalm of David
David calls the future king "my Lord".
Since the future king is the Messiah,
David is calling the Messiah "my Lord" !

Psalm 110:3 NCV
Yours is royal dignity in the day of your birth;
in holy splendor, before the day star
like the dew, I have begotten you.

Psalm 110 (Septuagint 109) is a Royal Psalm and
contains prophecy concerning the Melchizedek
 priesthood of our Lord Jesus  Christ .

In Genesis 14:18 Melchizedek is king of Salem
                            and priest of God Most High
bringing out bread and wine he blesses Abram.
See Hebrews 7 regarding the permanence of the
Royal Priesthood of the Lord Jesus.

Hebrews 1:8 begins "But of the Son he says;---"
and quotes Ps110:1  and Psalm 45:6-7 precisely.

Psalm 110:1 ESV    The LORD says to my Lord;
"Sit at my right hand until I make your enemies your footstool"

Psalm 45:6-7 ESV Your throne, O God, is for ever and ever.
The sceptre of your kingdom is a sceptre of uprightness;
you have loved righteousness and hated wickedness.
Therefore God, your God, has anointed you
with oil and gladness beyond your companions.

Since we know from Isaiah 63;10 that God's people
"rebelled and grieved his Holy Spirit"
we can distinguish God the Father, God the Son,
and God the Holy Spirit, while understanding that
God-With-Us comprises all three.

David, the divinely inspired writer of Psalm 110
predicted that the future seed of David was to be our Messiah.
Our Lord Jesus is,in the flesh, descended from David,
and is David's Lord and our Lord. 

Psalm 2:7  ESV and SAAS
The LORD said to me
"You are my son; today I have begotten you.

St Matthew 3:17 KJV
And lo a voice from heaven, saying, 
This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased.

PSALM 109 Discern what is Good

Discern what is good with the help of Psalm 109.

From verse 1    Praising God is a good start.
From verse 4    Being a loving person is good and
                         good people give themselves to prayer.
From verse 16  Lovingkindness is a welcome sign of good.
From verse 17  The good delight in blessing others.
From verse 21  To be merciful is godly.
                          To see people's need and in steadfast love
                           to deliver them, is in the Spirit of Christ.
From verse 22   It is good to be aware of our own inadequacy.
From verse 24   Fasting and prayer is the normal way of life for the good.
From verse 26   Constant reference to the LORD for
                          His help and enabling is the way of the good.
From verse 30  The good are grateful to the LORD
                          and praise Him to everybody.
From verse 31   It is really Christlike to stand beside the needy,
                          the afflicted and the oppressed.

                         

PSALM 109 Recognize Evil

Discern what is bad with the help of Psalm 109.

From verse 1-5     The wicked are deceitful.
It is wicked to lie about other people.
Words of hatred are spoken out of hatred.
Accusers reveal what is in their heart.
People have to be quite bad to return evil for good.
and even worse to return hate for love.
From verse 16-17
Failure to show kindness is a bad sign.
Persecuting the afflicted and needy is bad.
Bringing about the malnutrition and premature death
of underprivileged people is seriously bad.
Cursing the oppressed is a terrible sign
of social and political decline.
Those who would deny medical care to the "undeserving"
are animated by evil.
Those who curse "immigrants" (even the ones who drown
in the Mediterranean) for being a "nuisance" and a "problem"
curse out of their own personal wickedness.
From verse 28 and 29
Those who publish hatred in the social media,wear their disgrace
like a tea shirt, advertising their evil attitudes.
From verse 31        The LORD our GOD stands beside the needy,
the afflicted and the oppressed...every...single...one.